Bureaucracy is the Best Way to Deliver Change and Innovation in an Organization

Introduction Current theories of organizational leadership tend to argue that bureaucracy is no longer tenable or applicable in the modern context. They base their argument on the disadvantages of bureaucracy as suggested by Max Weber in the 20th century, which focuses on dividing organizations into subjective hierarchies and establishment of control and authority (Josserand, Teo Clegg 2006).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bureaucracy is the Best Way to Deliver Change and Innovation in an Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They also base their argument on the negative aspects of ‘appointing’ rather than ‘electing’ organizational leaders. However, modern theories of organizational leadership fail to recognize the impact of bureaucracy on innovation and change management. In fact, modern leadership styles are products of 20th century bureaucracy, which emphasized technocracy i n organizational leadership (Browning 2007). The systematic nature of bureaucracy contributed to the development of large business organizations in the 20th century because of its effects on change and innovation. It ensured that innovative, visionary, skilled and experienced technocrats led organizations and were appointed to the right positions based on the outcomes of their past work (Josserand, Teo Clegg 2006). In this way, bureaucracy ensures that organizations choose the right leader through appointment, rather than risking a poor leader candidate being elected due to majority voting power. In this context, it is evident that the systematic nature of bureaucracy makes it applicable in delivering change and innovation in modern organizations. However, some changes are needed to make bureaucracy fit for the contemporary context. The purpose of this paper is to develop a critical analysis of bureaucracy to determine its applicability in the modern context. The paper argues that bureaucracy is systematic in nature. Therefore, it is good for delivering change and innovation even in the modern context. The paper will present a brief analysis of the nature and applicability of bureaucracy, its strengths and weaknesses. It will provide a review of the scholarly work supportive of bureaucracy in organizational leadership, using examples from literature. Finally, it will develop a conclusion in support of bureaucracy in the modern context. What is bureaucracy and why is it an important topic in organizational management? First introduced by Max Weber in the 20th century, the term ‘Bureaucracy’ has been an important topic of debate in organizational and public leadership. In simple terms, it describes an organization as a large structure with dividing hierarchies and establishment of authority and control. In essence, Weber’s bureaucracy has a number of characteristics that make it unique.Advertising Looking for essay on business economic s? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, it emphasizes hierarchy of structure and authority. Organizations have a hierarchical chain of command – t he top bureaucrats have absolute control and power (Josserand, Teo Clegg 2006). Secondly, it emphasizes the specialization and division of labor. Bureaucracy is based on the premise that an individual is best at a given field or area of specialization and must work in that position for the best performance of the organization (Josserand, Villeseche Bardon 2012). Thirdly, rules are extensive, written clearly and established in a clear and direct manner that provides a complete guide to individuals in the organization. Clarity of organizational goals and mission is another important feature of bureaucracy. In this context, goals are set and made known to all the individuals in an organization. This enables every person to strive to achieve these common goals and fulfill t he mission of the organization. In addition, it is worth noting that bureaucracy emphasizes merit as the main principle in hiring and promoting individuals (Josserand, Teo Clegg 2006). Due to the hierarchical nature of bureaucratic organizations, promotion requires employees to be good performers. Appointment is purely based on merit, which means that jobs are not granted to friends, families or other individuals who do not meet the merit principle. The aspect of impersonality ensures that job performance is measured or judged based on an individual’s productivity and the amount of work completed within a specified time and with accuracy and efficiency (Josserand, Teo Clegg 2006). Organizations in bureaucracy have structures with numerous management layers that cascade upwards from junior employees through supervisors, regional and departmental managers to top executives. The numerous layers of an organization in this model imply that decision-making process must pass throu gh all layers. Power is created and concentrated at the top layers of a bureaucratic organization, giving the executives the right and power to control the organization. Information and directions must flow from the top downwards, which encourages an organizational culture focused on standards and rules.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Bureaucracy is the Best Way to Deliver Change and Innovation in an Organization specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this context, bureaucracy allows operational processes within an organization to focus on methodologies and supervision that introduce and maintain best practices (Rosen 1988). In this context, standardization and best practice approaches to organizational leadership provide some evidence of the applicability of bureaucracy in instilling a culture that focuses on innovation and change in an organization. Organizations with tall and short structures need change and in novation. However, they must ensure that work is completed with consistency, efficiency and effectiveness. Non-bureaucratic organizations may find it difficult to establish the changes and innovations they make due to lack of systematic control of the institution, and this may lead to poor organizational performance (Josserand, Teo Clegg 2006). Modern Bureaucracy and the management of change and innovation According to Josserand, Teo and Clegg (2006), modern theories of organizational leadership are mere refurbishments of bureaucracy, configured in a manner that interpolates the ideas of Max Weber. The authors argue that the refurbishment of Weber’s bureaucracy has involved few changes to make it fit the modern forces affecting organizations. For example, democratic principles have been adopted in many organizations, in order to ensure that they fit modern systems and cultural norms. However, as the article by Josserand et al article shows, the implementation of post-bureauc ratic forms is frequently ineffective, as managers are ensnared ‘in the nets of their extant social ties’ (2006: 61). Accordingly, the authors assert that the conceptions of post-bureaucracy are mere re-combinations of the organizational structure suggested by Weber, and changed modalities that show evidence of indirect and internalized control and power concentration (Josserand, Teo Clegg 2006). This means that the modern management and leadership styles have identities that were formed with Weber’s ideas of bureaucracy. In the modern context, change and innovation must be implemented within refurbished bureaucracies in a manner that allows democratization (Dimitroff, Schmidt Bond 2008).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More From this perspective, it is clear that even the modern theories and styles of organizational leadership are principally grounded on the ideas of bureaucracy. In other words, they are mere refurbishments of bureaucracy, which can be best described as modernized and democratized bureaucracy. However, they still emphasize the systematic nature of organizational structure as suggested by Weber’s ideas of bureaucracy. Therefore, the next step is to determine how the systematic nature of bureaucracy, whether in the old style or in modern bureaucracies, affects the implementation of change and innovation. Defining Organizational change and innovation Organizational change management The ability to manage change is important in any organization. While the effects of change can be positive or negative, it is worth noting that the management of change is the main factor that determines the outcomes. In the modern context, managing change has become more related to innovation than befo re, especially due to the incorporation of technology as one of the main methods of managing and driving business processes. In fact, modern aspects of innovation require technology and technological development to improve business and its outcomes. As such, organizational leadership requires individuals who are ready to accept the inevitability of change and ensure that they communicate this to their subjects within the organization they are leading. Innovative leaders should not raise some expectations that change will slow down, but rather, they should ensure that the employees acknowledge that change is manageable and constant. Secondly, innovative leaders must ensure that change takes place within an environment defined by openness. There must be trust, which is achieved through open-door policies that allow a two-way feedback and the willingness to address the issues raised in the feedback. In this way, the organizational leader is able to develop change in an effective way. T hirdly, it is worth noting that employees do not reject or oppose change for the sake of it, but they tend to oppose that change that does not allow them to contribute. If organizational leaders welcome and encourage employee input, they are likely to achieve their appreciation and ensure that employees develop a positive attitude towards change and innovation. In addition, it is likely that employee contributions and insight will benefit the organization because there will be diversity of ideas in decision-making process. In fact, employees are always in close contact with clients, suppliers or other parties, which means that they are able to have first-hand knowledge of their needs and preferences. From a bureaucratic view of organizational leadership, it is worth noting that leaders may have advantages or disadvantages when seeking to implement change and innovation. From a positive view of the method, it is clear that the centralization of power plays a significant role in ensur ing that organizational change and innovation are achieved within the shortest time possible. For instance, bureaucracy allows fast decision making because leaders are able to solicit employee suggestions and make immediate decisions on whether to accept technology or not. In addition, it allows leaders to ensure that employees obtain training within a short period before technological innovations are implemented. They are also able to make and force new guidelines that will ensure a practice of openness is implemented and understood by all employees within a short time, which ensures that technology and innovation are used in business processes. Delivery of innovation requires innovation management in an organization. Employees at all levels of an organizational structure are involved in order to create new and improved qualities of the workforce that steer organizational growth and development. How does the systematic nature of bureaucracy help in delivering change and innovation? The systematic nature of bureaucracy plays an important role even in modern leadership systems perceived to be post-bureaucratic in nature. Several systematic aspects of organizations are of interest in this regard. In answering this question, it is imperative to look at each of these aspects in order to show how bureaucracy can influence the delivery of change and innovation due to its systematic nature. In essence, change and innovation delivery in an organization relies on the ability of leaders and their subjects to ensure that they implement personal and role development. They are required to ensure that they develop effective approaches to their work. This helps them find and apply ideas that make it possible to deal with internal and external challenges and opportunities. Therefore, appointment of such individuals based on merit seems to be the best way to ensure that an organization experiences change and innovation (Almeida, Fernando Sheridan 2012). It would be difficult to appoint such individuals if their qualities and fitness are not judged or measured based on their performance. Thus, this implies that the systematic nature of bureaucracy provides evidence of a good method of appointing leaders and employees who are change oriented and innovative. Secondly, the development and establishment of rules and regulations that govern the organization and its people characterize the systematic nature of bureaucracy. An organization that requires change and innovation must have guidelines, which members should follow in their quest to enhance individual and organizational performance (Czarniawska 2008). Clarity of goals and mission is a major characteristic of bureaucracy, which makes it systematic. For effective delivery of innovation and change, it is imperative to ensure that organizations have a set of clear and well-defined goals and missions that all members must strive to achieve. In addition, innovative and change oriented leaders can develop eff ective and achievable goals and organization mission (Josserand, Teo Clegg 2006). Despite the fact that contemporary theories attempt to describe bureaucracy as an old and anti-democratic model, it is evident that they must also have clear and well-defined goals in order to implement change and innovation. It would be difficult for leaders to employ change if there were no goals or missions in the organization. Furthermore, the research by Josserand et al shows that, even change aimed at overthrowing bureaucracy relies upon (and, in their case, was constrained by) bureaucratic structures themselves. References Almeida, S, Fernando, M Sheridan, A, 2012, â€Å"Revealing the screening: Organizational factors influencing the recruitment of immigrant professionals†, The international journal of human resource management, vol. 23, no. 9, pp. 1950-1965. Browning, BW, 2007, â€Å"Leadership in desperate times: An analysis of endurance: Shacleton incredible voyage through the lens leadership theory†, Advancement in developing human resources, vol. 9, no 2, pp. 183-184. Dimitroff, R, Schmidt, LA Bond, TD, 2008, â€Å"Organization behavior and disaster: A study of conflict at NASA†, Project management institute vol.36, no. 1, pp. 28-38. Josserand, E, Teo, S Clegg, S, 2006, â€Å"From bureaucratic to post-bureaucratic: The difficulties of transition†, Journal of organizational change management, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 54-64 Josserand, E, Villeseche, F Bardon, T, 2012, being a active member of a corporate alumni network: A critical appraisal, Academy of management, Boston, MA. Rosen, M, 1988, â€Å"You asked for it: Christmas at the bosses’ expense,† Journal of management studies, vol. 25, no. 5, pp. 22-23 Czarniawska B, 2008, A Narrative Approach to Organization Studies, Sage, London, UK. This essay on Bureaucracy is the Best Way to Deliver Change and Innovation in an Organization was written and submitted by user Mar1ana to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Battle of Lake George in the French and Indian War

Battle of Lake George in the French and Indian War The Battle of Lake George took place September 8, 1755, during the French Indian War (1754-1763). One of the first major engagements in the northern theater of the conflict, the fighting was the result of British efforts to capture Fort St. Frà ©dà ©ric on Lake Champlain. Moving to block the enemy, the French initially ambushed the British column near Lake George. When the British withdrew back to their fortified camp, the French followed. Subsequent assaults on the British failed and the French were ultimately driven from the field with the loss of their commander Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau. The victory help the British secure the Hudson River Valley and provided a needed boost for American morale after the disaster at the Battle of the Monongahela that July. To aid in holding the area, the British commenced building Fort William Henry. Background With the outbreak of the French Indian War, the governors of the British colonies in North America convened in April 1755, to discuss strategies for defeating the French. Meeting in Virginia, they decided to launch three campaigns that year against the enemy. In the north, the British effort would be led by Sir William Johnson who was ordered to move north through Lakes George and Champlain. Departing Fort Lyman (re-named Fort Edward in 1756) with 1,500 men and 200 Mohawks in August 1755, Johnson moved north and reached Lac Saint Sacrement on the 28th. Renaming the lake after King George II, Johnson pushed on with the goal of capturing Fort St. Frà ©dà ©ric. Located on Crown Point, the fort controlled part of Lake Champlain. To the north, the French commander, Jean Erdman, Baron Dieskau, learned of Johnsons intention and assembled a force of 2,800 men and 700 allied Native Americans. Moving south to Carillon (Ticonderoga), Dieskau made camp and planned an attack on Johnsons supply lines and Fort Lyman. Leaving half of his men at Carillon as a blocking force, Dieskau moved down Lake Champlain to South Bay and marched to within four miles of Fort Lyman. Change of Plans Scouting the fort on September 7, Dieskau found it heavily defended and elected not to attack. As a result, he began moving back towards South Bay. Fourteen miles to the north, Johnson received word from his scouts that the French were operating in his rear. Halting his advance, Johnson began fortifying his camp and dispatched 800 Massachusetts and New Hampshire militia, under Colonel Ephraim Williams, and 200 Mohawks, under King Hendrick, south to reinforce Fort Lyman. Departing at 9:00 a.m. on September 8, they moved down the Lake George-Fort Lyman Road. Battle of Lake George Conflict: French and Indian War (1754-1763)Dates: September 8, 1755Armies Commanders:BritishSir William Johnson1,500 men, 200 Mohawk IndiansFrenchJean Erdman, Baron Dieskau1,500 menCasualties:British: 331 (disputed)French: 339 (disputed) Setting an Ambush While moving his men back towards South Bay, Dieskau was alerted to Williams movement. Seeing an opportunity, he reversed his march and set an ambush along the road about three miles south of Lake George. Placing his grenadiers across the road, he aligned his militia and Indians in cover along the sides of the road. Unaware of the danger, Williams men marched directly into the French trap. In an action later referred to as the Bloody Morning Scout, the French caught the British by surprise and inflicted heavy casualties. Among those killed were King Hendrick and Williams who was shot in the head. With Williams dead, Colonel Nathan Whiting assumed command. Trapped in a crossfire, the majority of the British began fleeing back towards Johnsons camp. Their retreat was covered by around 100 men led by Whiting and Lieutenant Colonel Seth Pomeroy. Fighting a determined rearguard action, Whiting was able to inflict substantial casualties on their pursuers, including killing the leader of the French Native Americans, Jacques Legardeur de Saint-Pierre. Pleased with his victory, Dieskau followed the fleeing British back to their camp. Sir William Johnson. Public Domain The Grenadiers Attack Arriving, he found Johnsons command fortified behind a barrier of trees, wagons, and boats. Immediately ordering an attack, he found that his Native Americans refused to go forward. Shaken by the loss of Saint-Pierre, they did not wish to assault a fortified position. In an effort to shame his allies into attacking, Dieskau formed his 222 grenadiers into an attack column and personally led them forward around noon. Charging into heavy musket fire and grape shot from Johnsons three cannon, Dieskaus attack bogged down. In the fighting, Johnson was shot in the leg and command devolved to Colonel Phineas Lyman. By late afternoon, the French broke off the attack after Dieskau was badly wounded. Storming over the barricade, the British drove the French from the field, capturing the wounded French commander. To the south, Colonel Joseph Blanchard, commanding Fort Lyman, saw the smoke from the battle and dispatched 120 men under Captain Nathaniel Folsom to investigate. Moving north, they encountered the French baggage train approximately two miles south of Lake George. Taking a position in the trees, they were able to ambush around 300 French soldiers near Bloody Pond and succeeded in driving them from the area. After recovering his wounded and taking several prisoners, Folsom returned to Fort Lyman. A second force was sent out the next day to recover the French baggage train. Lacking supplies and with their leader gone, the French retreated north. Aftermath Precise casualties for the Battle of Lake George are not known. Sources indicate that the British suffered between 262 and 331 killed, wounded, and missing, while the French incurred between 228 and 600. The victory at the Battle of Lake George marked one the first victories for American provincial troops over the French and their allies. In addition, though fighting around Lake Champlain would continue to rage, the battle effectively secured the Hudson Valley for the British. To better secure the area, Johnson ordered the construction of Fort William Henry near Lake George.

Leadership and Team Building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Leadership and Team Building - Essay Example Different circumstance thus results in different leaders as such relative situations. According to this, an effective leader must offer the best solutions for the prevailing situation. Situational theorists, on the other hand, dictate that the best leader must develop a team that provides the best course of action based upon the relative situational variables (Coggins, 2009). This follows the understanding that every situation is different from the other and therefore requires a unique set of actions. Behavioral theorists dispel the notion that leaders are born. They believe that leaders are made and the process depends on the behavior of the leader. People see their leaders as role models and would, therefore, like to see admirable qualities in the leaders. This way, they develop teams consisting of obedient members who therefore achieve the success required of the projects. Participative theorists explain that leaders should consider the input of others in their group thereby appreciate the contribution of their followers. Such motivate creativity thereby developing the right mental states in the team members. The management theory of leadership bases its importance on the supervision, performance, and organization of a group. An effective leader must, therefore, be capable of organizing his or her group thereby achieves the successes required of such teams. Relationship theory of leadership lay more importance on the interaction between leaders and their followers (Hitt, Ireland & Hoskisson, 2011).

The Effects of Surface Functionalization of Zinc Doped Silica Literature review

The Effects of Surface Functionalization of Zinc Doped Silica - Literature review Example Zinc ionosphere solution produces anti-proliferative activity resulting in intracellular concentrations of free zinc, which is an active cancer culture. However, based on the properties of silica nanoparticles it has been found that they have greater advantages over ZnO nanoparticles. Silica nanoparticles have stability, low toxicity and an inherent ability to functionalize with a range of molecules and polymers. On the other hand, ZnO nanoparticles provide versatile and promising platforms for cancerous cells as they are selective and have the inherent toxicity of the particles. ZnO nanoparticles exert selective cytotoxic effects on the cancerous cells (Sirotnak et al. 2000). The reactive oxygen species generated in the cancerous cells in response to the free zinc is larger than that generated in the normal body cells and that combined with the sensitivity of the cancerous cells results in an effective death of the cancer cells. This effectiveness is largely due to the high solubili ty and high potency of dissolved zinc ions together with the miniature surface area, the chemical compositions and the environmental parameters including the pH. The combination of silica nanoparticles and therapeutic ions in the form of zinc complement each other with their zero premature controlled release which ensures the drugs are carried with precise control of location and activity (Ding et al. 2005). In the preparation of Giant Uni-lamellar Vesicle (GUV), there are two efficient methods that are used. These two methods include W/O emulsion transfer and the lipid-coated ice droplet methods. W/O emulsion transfer method involves putting together the second layer of lipids on a lipid-coated water to form the membrane that contains oils from the emulsion.

Process Improvement Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Process Improvement Plan - Essay Example First process identified is going to sterile processing department. Second Process identified is taking instruments set for service. Third process identified is sharpening and repairing surgical instruments. Among the three processes, two of which can be measured. Instruments set for service can be measured for their quality, sharpness and usability. Sharpened and repaired surgical instruments can also be measured for their quality, sharpness and usability. Quality and usability are attribute characteristics of instruments that are intangible. The measurement of both characteristics can be a count of the number of defects. On the other hand, sharpness is a characteristic of the instrument that can be measured using a specialized instrument such as a micrometer. A statistical process control can be employed in order to measure the sharpness of a surgical instrument. Statistical process control or SPC is a technique for error prevention rather than error detection. The goals of SPC are to improve quality, reduce cost, increase profit and enhance competitive advantage. Steps taken to improve a process will result in fewer defects and better quality products delivered to the customer. Application of SPC can produce improvements in yield, reduce cost and increase efficiency. It can also create a high degree of visibility of process performance and can be used to determine process capabilities. Measurements will provide a comparison of performance to target objectives and assess the effectiveness of process improvements. SPC is statistically based and built around the concept that variation in a product is always present. Inherent variations occur due to wear of tools, material hardness, machine accuracy, and operator skills. In order to control the process and reduce variations, the cause must be identified through a collection of data. Mathematical distributions characterize the collected data and predict the overall performance. Variations that are outside of the desired process distribution can be corrected by improving the process directly. Three statistical tools shall be used to determine that the process is in control and follows a normal distribution curve. These tools include control charts, histograms, and mathematical analysis tests. Control charts are used to identify assignable causes of variations. A histogram is a graphic representation of a frequency distribution. Control charts for variable data will be created for quantitative measurements of sharpness of surgical instruments. Control charts for attribute data will be created for qualitative measurements or counts of defects. The average value () chart and the range (R) chart will be utilized as form of control charts in tracking and identifying the causes and variations. In making the control chart, the centerline and control limits are determined and drawn on the chart. The centerline is the average of the mean values. The purpose of the control limits on the chart is to indicate if the process is under control. It means that all are within the estimated 3 limits of the process. An upper control limit for control chart for attributes is UCL = + 1.96 x standard deviation, while the lower control limit is LCL = - 1.96 x standard deviation, where is the total number of defects divided by the number of observations. Standard deviation is defined as S = An upper control l

Satirical Elements In A Modest Proposal English Literature Essay

Satirical Elements In A Modest Proposal English Literature Essay In A Modest Proposal, satire is one of the main elements Jonathan Swift uses to explain how Protestants abused Irish Catholics in the 1700s. A satire is a literary work that blasts or nudges fun at corruption or any additional error or imperfection. Satire may make the reader express amusement at, or experience hatred for, the individual or object satirized. The major function of a satire to prompt readers to cure the problem under debate. The major weapon of a satirist is verbal irony, a figure of speech in which language is used to disrespect an individual or object by conveying an implication that is the contrary of what the words say. In A Modest Proposal, Jonathan Swift uses elements of satire to assess Protestant cruelty of Irish Catholics. Satire in literature, also known as Juvenalian satire, is used by those whose aim is mockery. It is more simply known than defined. From very old times satirists have shared a familiar goal: to render foolishness in all its disguises and to result in reform through such contact. It was a custom in English Literature through the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries that writers and poets would frequently use the practice of satire either for political purposes or purely to emphasize the   peculiarities of the society. In this regard many chief English literary writers used satire in their work, but while a number of them used it to fashion an amusing situation, others would give it an extremely unsympathetic tone, which resulted in some grave problems with those who were targeted in their work. There are three main types of satire; Juvenalian, Horatian, and Menippean. Horatian satire is named after the Roman satirist Horatian. It seeks to disapprove of rather than assault vice or folly. Some methods of satire include irony, wittiness, or embellishment. In general, Horatian satire is gentler, better humored and sympathetic, somewhat open-minded of human folly. It tends to mock human foolishness in general or by type rather than assail particular persons. Therefore it tends to create a cynical smile. Juvenalian is named after the Roman satirist Juvenal. It is more bitter than Horatian satire. It often flames and shows disapproval for people, and seeks to tackle some malevolence in society through disdain and ridicule. While amusement and mockery are still weapons of Horatian satire, the Juvenalian satirist isnt frightened to use diatribe to construct a point. A Modest Proposal is an example of a Juvenalian satire. Menippean satire, on the other hand, is the oldest form of satire. It was named after Menippus. It is a multifaceted, disorganized, and often shapeless form of satire. It tends to condemn the subject matter. It is a satire that criticizes everything in a disjointed manner. Discussion is vital to this kind of satire. It views human foolishness and iniquity as a communal illness. A Modest Proposal is everything that a satirical text should be. It includes cynicism and mockery as Jonathan Swift takes and shows us how the deprived are treated wretchedly. The seemingly inoffensive beginning leads the audience to presume that Swift will establish suggestions that lessen the suffering of unfortunate children in 18th century Ireland, a moment in time of overcrowding and land strain (suite101.) He seems genuine and thinks it is a misfortune how everywhere they stroll in the streets of Dublin they see unfortunate citizens pleading others for hand outs. Swift tells the audience how the children of poor families are trouble and how instead of requiring fare and garments the rest of their lives, they will supply to the feeding and clothing of numerous amounts of people. Any intelligent person would think he intends to place them in factories or farms to labor and not be on the streets beseeching for food. He then tells however that a young fit child at a year old is a m ost delicious, nourishing and wholesome food (Swift.) Swift then continues on as if he said something wholly rational and sound. According to his suggestion, twenty thousand children may be set aside for proliferation which is more than they consent to for sheep, cattle, and swine. This is when the spoof starts to open up and that is at what time he drops the bomb on the audience. The compensation of his proposal is apparent. All his proposals are humorous, some even repulsive. The poorer tenants will have something prized of their own, which they may sell, to help pay the landlords fee. Not only will they vend their children to the landlords but if they do not pay out their lease, the landlords can seize their babies. The kids are being used as an article of trade and not even considered a human being. This suggestion is ironical in itself because Swifts proposal to sell and eat excess children is not modest at all nor is it a rational solution to Irelands problems. Swift states ki ds nowadays either grow up to be thieves or to fight for the Pretender (Swift), and blames the population as a full. A dark, bitter piece of  literature, Juvenalian satire uses shadowy humor among other satirical techniques to present unkind criticisms of bribery or ineptitude. Jonathan Swift, who is well-known for his satirical writing, uses all aspects of Juvenalian satire in his  essay  A Modest Proposal to assault the means Ireland in general was run during his time. The central figure of speech in A Modest Proposal is verbal irony, in which an author or narrator says the contrary of what he means. Swifts masterly utilization of this device makes his key argument-that the Irish are worthy of healthier treatment from the English-commanding and awfully entertaining. The satirical intent of  A Modest  Proposal  was misunderstood by lots of Swifts associates, and he was unsympathetically criticized for writing an essay with such extremely bad taste. He came close to losing his support because of this essay. The misinterpretation of the intention of the satirical attack came about for the most part because of the difference between the satirical objective of the cannibalistic proposal and the sincere tone of the narrative voice. In A Modest Proposal, Jonathan Swift uses elements of satire to assess Protestant cruelty of Irish Catholics. The major weapon of a satirist is verbal irony, a figure of speech in which language is used to disrespect an individual or object by conveying an implication that is the contrary of what the words say. A satire is a literary work that blasts or nudges fun at corruption or any additional error or imperfection. The major function of a satire to prompt readers to cure the problem under debate. Satire may make the reader express amusement at, or experience hatred for, the individual or object satirized.

Ways To Fight The Drug War Essay -- essays research papers

Drug use has risen sharply in the United States in the past 40 years, with an estimated 23.6 million teenagers using illegal drugs within the past year. Preventing drug use has been a major issue in the area of politics, schools, or within families. Drug abuse occurs whenever the use of a drug causes physical or mental harm to the user. So far, society has been abusing drugs since the later nineteenth century, a time when the sale, purchase, possession, and use of drugs was not regulated. Dangerous drugs such as morphine, opium, and cocaine were used mainly for medical purposes including cures for depression, nervousness, alcoholism, and menstrual cramps. Because of the availability of these powerful drugs, people became addicts. In 1900, there were actually more narcotic addicts in the US than there are today; however, most of the users who became addicts were medical addicts. Very few users took drugs for recreational use only. In 1914 as an effort to curb drug abuse in the United States, the government passed the Harrison Act, which made illegal to obtain a narcotic drug without a doctor’s prescription. There were nearly half a million addicts at the beginning of 1920 and by 1945 there were only 30,000 to 40,000 addicts. The demand for drugs began to rise again in the 1960’s and continues to rise today. With this scary thought in mind, the United States needs find a solution to the rising drug problem, and fast.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Every year, more drugs are di...

English literature exam paper Essay

†¢How does the writer present her thoughts and feeling about the struggle for identity? †¢How far is the extract similar to and different from your wider reading about the struggle for identity in modern literature? You should consider the writers’ choices of form, structure and language as well as subject matter. Betty Friedan has started her speech with two rhetorical questions, â€Å"Am I saying that women have to be liberated from men? That men are the enemy?† She is encouraging her audience to think about what her feelings are exactly. She quickly answers her own question, â€Å"No.† Within the first two sentences she has already got her audience to think about her views and their response to that. This was a good way to get her audience intrigued about the content of the rest of her speech. Her first paragraph is a basic overview of her feelings on the modern’s women’s movement. This way she can develop her points further in the rest of her speech. Throughout her speech, Friedan uses very negative language to describe men and their actions. For example, forced, suppressed, brutal etc. This shows that she has very negative views towards men and isn’t afraid to share this. She uses this pessimistic language to show how men have been holding back women and their struggle for identity. She says â€Å"men are going to bear the guilty burden of the passive destiny they have forced upon women,† The word forced is quite a harsh and aggressive word and this shows how she feel women have been treated by the other sex. She uses the metaphor of men and women being half human because of certain things holding them aback. For example, â€Å"Men are not allowed to cry.† And â€Å"as women are only half-human, until we can go this next step forward.† This shows that women can’t feel whole or complete until she is equal with men. The metaphor is carried on in the last paragraph but that when women are finally â€Å"allowed to become full people† that the next generations will live in a better wo rld. The word â€Å"allowed† suggest that she feels women are being suppressed by men or another controlling factor. Friedan says in the last paragraph â€Å"relate to each other in terms of all of the possible dimensions of our personalities – male and female, as comrades, as colleagues, as friends, as lovers.† Firstly she shows that they are separate as she disconnects by separating the genders, â€Å"male and female†. However, she then describes both the male and female population together â€Å"as comrades†. The word â€Å"comrades† have military connotations. This shows that men and women could work together in something that is seen as so masculine as the army. She then describes them â€Å"as colleagues†. This follows on from being comrades. If they can work together efficiently together in the military then they can handle working together in everyday jobs as equals. The effect of the whole list is that they are different (different genders) but are equal. She shows the struggle that women face in everyday life, â€Å"hate and jealousy and buried resentment and hypocrisies,† These words all help to show how negatively the way women are being treated is seen. Friedan then goes on to explain what life will be after men have learnt to except that women are people to, â€Å"there will be a whole new sense of love that will make what we call love on Valentine’s Day look very pallid.† There is two ways to look at this. Firstly, Valentine’s Day is meant to be the one day in the year where you show how much you love someone, this can show how much gaining an identity means to the women and what it will do to the world. However, one could argue that Valentine’s Day is only one day a year and so the changes could only be semi permanent. The whole speech from Betty Friedan is all about women’s struggle for identity. In Death of a Salesman, by Arthur Miller, there are subtle hints about the same issue. For example, at the end of Act One Biff and Happy are talking to Willy about getting some money and starting up a business together, Linda is also in the room. Linda tries to speak, â€Å"Maybe things are beginning to –â€Å" and Will ironically interrupts her and says â€Å"Stop interrupting,† Throughout the play Willy is putting Linda down even though she is the only person in the family that is really concerned about Willy’s health. However, we can see that in the play Willy represents the older generations views on women and Biff has the more modern and just outlook on it which represents the younger generation. This is shown again at the end of Act One. Linda starts to speak again and Willy interrupts her as he has done previously however this time Biff tells Willy â€Å"Don’t yell at her pop, will ya?† this shows how the women’s battle for identity has been paying off as the younger generations are starting to accept that this isn’t right. Betty Friedan foreshadows this in her speech when she says â€Å"children be born and brought up with more love and responsibility than today,† this shows what the modern population is going to grow up around. However, in Death of a Salesman we get the impression that Linda is essentially a housewife and is there to look after her family, mainly Willy, and to do domestic jobs around the house. This is fundamentally a typical role of women of the time. However, Betty Friedan seems to be saying that women are being active about changing the oppression that they are under. This difference in attitudes however could be to do with the age of the women and the modernity of them. For example the struggle for identity in the modern era can be different for different people. Because Linda is part of the older, less modern generation she is less likely to want to bring about change whereas Betty Friedan and the women she is talking about have more modern and equal views.

Freedom Writers

Freedom Writers Free Online Research Papers Erin Gruwell (Hilary Swank) is a first-time teacher who wants to make a difference. She has little idea of what shes getting into when she volunteers to be an English teacher at a newly integrated high school in Long Beach, CA. Her students are divided along racial lines and have few aspirations beyond basic survival. When Erin discovers how much of their lives are blighted by racial prejudice, she introduces them to books like The Diary of Anne Frank and begins to educate them for real; a process that culminates in the idea that each of them, like Anne, will keep a journal of their innermost thoughts. Over time these underachieving students begin to bond into a family of sorts. I really enjoyed watching Freedom Writers because it states the fact that no matter where you are, who you are, that you can get through issues in your life if you fight through them. Very good motivational film. I found it very inspiring, but very unrealistic. Most teachers are not qualified to do the things she did and Ive found that Freedom Writers has inspired some very untalented teachers to try to be like her. But, hey, if it worked for Erin Gruwell, then thats fantastic and good for her. This movie has a clichà © storyline, but I dont think that it was a bad movie, as it is a true story. I think that more stories like that need to be told, even if they do have a sappy ending. Also, this movie was a little slow-paced and redundant. Is anyone getting tired of the same old theme of a rich white girl going to go save inner-city children through making a difference? This movie has been done too many times and I would not waste my money to see something that I’ve already seen. Its like, get creative. I feel the same with all those interracial dance movies. A white kid learns how to dance with the other race kids and then they accept them because of how they dance blah blah blah. Its ridiculous! Research Papers on Freedom WritersStandardized TestingMy Writing ExperienceRacism and InjusticeThe Broken FamilyEssay on â€Å"I have a Dream† Dr KingAdvertising EssayHomer The Great Greek PoetDistance Learning Survival GuideAlbatross and Rimm of the Ancient MarinerCo-Educational vs. Single Sex Schools

Red Pandas Essays

Red Pandas Essays Red Pandas Paper Red Pandas Paper RED. PANDAS Hello, boys and girls my name is Kira, and today Ill tell you about one of our greatest discoveries When most people see the word panda, they think of the Big, furry, black-and-white Giant Panda. But the Lesser-known Red Panda, three times smaller, is also in Danger. Today classified as vulnerable, its status could Quickly change to endangered. The red panda is a living fossil. It has no close surviving relatives, and most resembles raccoons and skunks, not giant pandas. The red Pandas live in the eastern Himalayas and southwestern China. They primarily eat bamboo leaves and berries and Blossoms. Red Pandas mostly stay to themselves except During mating time that is during the day time. After about 134 days the red pandas give birth to one-four young. After Birth the red pandas mother cleans her cubs and recognizes Its by smell. Baby red pandas reach adult size about twelve Months. The babies are born in small holes in the trees. If The red pandas den is discovered more than once by a Human the mother eats her cubs. Their claws are partially Retractable. They have an extended bone which is like a thumb. Red pandas live up to twelve fourteen years. Over the winter they lose 15% f body weight. Like the giant pandas it has a false thumb. That is an extension of the wrist bone. The red panda is slightly larger than a domestic cat. It has reddish-brown fur, a long, shaggy tail and a waddling due to its shorter legs. The red panda is the only living species of the genus Ailurus and the Family Ailuridae. Its also in the bear families and also not closely related to the giant pandas. The red pandas have excellent camouflage against its habitat of moss- and Lichen- covered trees. The Snow leopards and wild dogs are the predators. The red pandas are most active during the ay. Also the sad part about it that they only 2500 pandas left in the world. They are primarily hunt down the red panda because they use the fur to make hats and Jackets. That led their extinction for over years. FUN FACTS white pandas. They usually like to live alone, then in groups. Also red panda use their tongues to detect smell. Therefore, thats todays lesson before you take a break kids i need to ask everyone a question. What choice will you make when you leave here today? Will you help the Red Pandas, or will you go about your normal routine? By: Kira Checkley

Family Medical Leave Act Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Family Medical Leave Act - Essay Example Abuse of Family Medical Leave Act has in turn resulted to morale problems in work places particularly among employees who are called to pick up the tasks of the absent employees. Negative effects of Family Medical Leave Act on employers Workplaces are significant places to study how institutions shape the way Family Medical Leave Act operates in practice (Galinski et al, 2005). Family Medical Leave Act is cited as an external factor that affects employee availability in any organization. Though the Family Medical Leave Act’s aim is upbeat and constructive for most occasions, many organizations’ management trust that it presents an employee with a chance to stay out of their places of work if they have low interest in the job (Burtless, 1995). According to a research done on 36 organizations, it was apparent that Family Medical Leave Act affects employee availability. Ten of the organizations expressed extreme concern with the Family Medical Leave Act impacts, terming th e act a nightmare (Galinsky et al. 2005). Needless to say, this act does not permit managers to punish the employees through relegations or corrective actions. Organizations account that the players have leant how to play the game well. Most of the organizations have claimed that employee unions coach their members to file under Family Medical Leave Act when taking leave to shun nonattendances that may amount to termination of employment or demotion (Burtless, 1995). Most organizations have no dilemma with the act’s stipulations for workers to be given leave to attend to ill relative or a new born child, or to recuperate from a verifiably somber health condition. The primary point of disputation is with the Family Medical Leave Act stipulation that allows workers to be granted irregular leave due to severe illness. The aggravation comes from attempting to apprehend the delineation of severe health condition. Burtless (1995) denotes that it is challenging to verify the effects of particular illnesses such as headaches, gout, aggravation and soft tissue injuries. For this reason, most of the doctors do not decline signing the Family Medical Leave paper for fear of being sued by the worker. In reference to the United States Labor Department, a severe illness refers to a health condition or injury that involves inpatient medical attention or ongoing medical treatment (Irwin & Ralph, 1993). Most of the employers find it challenging in determining a qualifying serious health problem for the worker or worker’s next of kin. Some of the illnesses are difficult to track, and employers must resolve whether to award Family Medical Leave Act’s benefits to workers who report the inception of signs. Though, in some occasions employees abuse Family Medical Leave Act’s benefits, the employer may face federal investigations for failing to grant the worker leave (Armour, 2005). Research has shown that Family Medical Leave Act affects business performa nce and productivity (Burtless, 1995). Most of the employees take leave and thus lead to low labor input that in turn leads to declined productivity. Employers find it challenging in tracking worker’s leave period while getting Family Medical Leave Act’s benefits. Arguably, if the worker takes scheduled leave under the act, there is no minimum leave period needed, thus making it challenging to follow

Cleaning and Maintenance of Capital Kitchen Equipment Assignment

Cleaning and Maintenance of Capital Kitchen Equipment - Assignment Example In our discussion, we shall consider dishwashers, ovens, refrigerators, ranges/cookers and ventilation equipment. We shall further look at how best we can maintain the equipment to ensure they retain quality. Imagine washing 1,000 dishes manually. A lot of time will be spent scrubbing the dishes, which leads to fatigue. You may have to employ the services of more than one person. You will need plenty of soap. If in a busy setting, such as hotels with a large turnover of the customers, it may end up being a major expense. Many people with such needs end up acquiring a dishwasher. Unlike manual cleaning, a one-time purchase makes the cleaning more efficient. A dishwasher is mechanical and cleans many dishes at once. It uses electric energy. It has rotating sprays of hot water that clean the oily and greasy dishes. Detergent and water is sprayed at first to clean them, after which it is drained and clean water sprayed to rinse them. A heating element in the washer is then used to dry th e dishes (Sforza, 2014). Ovens are heat-insulated machines that can achieve very high degrees of heat. They are used in both a domestic and a commercial and industrial setting. In a domestic setting, they are machines used for cooking. They can also be used to heat the house, bake and even dry some materials. In a commercial setting, ovens are used for large-scale baking, pottery, metalwork, amongst other activities involving a lot of heat but have to be customized for these duties (Sforza, 2014).